B321 Tma 02

Question 1 (a) Simons (1999, pg 768) describes intrinsic motivation as desire to engage in behaviours or actions in forecasting of internally- generated rewards such as personal feelings of accomplishment and extrinsic motivation Simons describes as (1999, pg 766) desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of tangible rewards, such as money or promotion. Extrinsic motivation is created by financial incentives. An incentive as Simons (1999, 767) describes as being a reward or payment that is drug ab theatrical roled to motivate operation.The two types of motivation mentioned above can be used to design a rewards package for the harvest-festival centre managers. First I pass on argue intrinsic motivation this type of motivation is from within (as Simon states (1999, pg 245)) rather than external. Managers can improve intrinsic motivation, Simons (1999, pg 245) states they can make people proud of where they work and also they can involve subordinates in the goal se tting bear on to increase the likelihood that subordinates will see the goals as legitimate.If subordinates are included in the process of setting goals-asked to provide input and information they are more likely to feel that the goals are legitimate and work more diligently to achieve them. The motivation is aligned to Air Tex Aviations performance goals, which are, the granting of credit only when managers agree performance goals set by Ted, monthly charges against their departmental profits, managers are more likely to stick to the rules set by Ted because they are in book of credit.Also, the purchasing of ceiling equipment and operating supplies but having predetermined limits this gives the managers a sense of control and able to make decisions without having to ask permission whenever a corrupt was to be make. Moreover crop managers are allowed to set policies such as pricing for products or services. They also fill the power to hire, fire and administer the salary. P roduct centre managers can rewarded because they claim the responsibility to do the above and are free to make choices within set boundaries. Other rewards can be meaningfulness managers may feel they are doing something important.Also another(prenominal) reward is having the competence, managers can feel satisfied. Lastly, another reward is having the sense of progress, product centre managers will feel they have gained something. I will now discuss the extrinsic incentives, Simons (1999 pg 245-246) states financial performance awards-typically in the form of bonuses-can be linked explicitly to the achievement of goals and targets. Since incentives are to motivate performance Ted has allocated 10% bonus to managers. (b) Simons four levers of control can be used in the implementation of strategy for Air Tex Aviation.Simons states Strategic control is not achieved through new-fangled and unique performance measurement and control system, but through belief systems, boundary systems , diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems working unneurotic to control both the implementation of intended strategies and the formation of emergent strategies. Simons (1999, pg 763) describes belief systems as explicit set of organisational definitions that senior managers perish formally and reinforce consistently to provide basic values, place, and direction for the organisation.Figure 14-2 Levers of control (Simons pg, 305) shows belief systems as strategy as Perspective and Obtaining Commitment to the Grand Purpose, this in the stage setting of Airtex Aviation are firstly Ted and Frank have taken control of the business, Ted is President and chief operating officer and Frank is chairmanship. They also have a vision to grow at a rate of 20% per year for the first five years. To implement strategy Ted and Frank decentralised authority and made each operating activity a profit centre and grouped them by departments.Departments were presumption authority ove r his operations. This creates shared beliefs and missions within the business. Employees will be more motivated because of the more control they have and they will have the sense of belonging to the business. Simons (1999, pg 764) describes boundary systems as explicit statements embedded in formal information systems that define and communicate specific risks to be avoided. Boundary Systems in the situation of Air Tex Aviation are, Simons (1999, pg 297) described as rules, limits and proscriptions.Rules in Airtex Aviation are decentralising the business, installing a control system. Limits introduced are profit centres having the authority to buy operating supplies and capital equipment with purchase set limits. A reason for limits is described by Simons (1999, pg 297) as to allow individual creativity within defined limits of freedom. Proscriptions include removing Sarah Arthur and her accounting system as it was not working and introduce a control system that supports the mana gement and provides information needed in order to make decisions.The accounting system before gave employees a lack of motivation because they were not involved in the decision making process. Also Simons (1999, pg 279) states communicate standards of business conduct for all employees, thats what the new control system does, involves all employees. My recommendations to AirTex Aviation would be use all four levers of control together as one cant work without the others. Also I would recommend the company when financially able to perhaps train managers, as close employees have only studied up to high school.Another recommendation would be for the department managers to set out goals for their own departments, use a balance batting order or something similar. Moreover, I would also recommend the business owners to draw up perhaps a mission statement or a statement of purpose and distribute it to each manager, so they know the objective and purpose of the business. Overall, the own ers have turned the business around and should carry on as they have through with(p) so. Question 2 (a) In the article by Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994), most of the interviewees agreed, net present value is superior to payback.I will summarise the views of the five interviewees below. ecstasy a lecturer was one those that musical theme that NPV is better than PB. Adam does however think that payback, in Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) works fine for primary, straightforward projects, but does say how useless it is and NPV gives the regenerate answer and considers time value for money. He also thinks that NPV has no disadvantage whatsoever. He also goes on to say that reason NPV is favourable because of the use of computers. His schoolman group also agree with him that NPV is superior.Frank chief accountant was one of those interviewed who was against NPV and suspicious of it, describing it as dangerous Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He has been using PB for m any years and says it is simple to use and NPV is complicated, time consuming and conveys spurious accuracy Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He also says that NPV is hard for managers to understand they prefer PB. Simon a senior finance manager thought no appraisal method has importance but believes NPV only relevant with high interest rates & long time periods, Jones, T.C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He believes that information given to managers should be what they want and accountants should help in making investment decisions not decide which appraisal method to use. Judy a junior finance manager prefers to use NPV rather than PB because it considers time value for money which is important in her view. She also says NPV gives ability to switch assumptions & identify different outcomes Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). She has very strong views for NPV and thinks managers should use this technique only.Managers have studied MBAs so thinks it will be easy for them to understan d. But She fears that she may be a victim of my training which tycoon have been academic brainwashing, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). Len a finance officer also says net present value is superior to payback. He doesnt agree with Adams suggestion that PB figures might be adjusted to reflect more clearly the results of NPV analysis Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D, because of ethical rules. (1994).He too like Adam finds calculating NBV easy because of the use of computers. The interviewees which I mostly agree with are Len, Judy and Adam this is because, they believe that NPV is superior to PB. Also NPV considers time value of money and is easy to calculate because of the use of computers. I also agree with Judy that managers should be taught NPV because PB is simple and as Adam said NPV should be used for minor projects. (b) keen reasoning in my view would be coming up with answers which would be the norm and what most people would agree to.An example in B321 case studies would ha ve to be that of Classic Pen Company Developing an ABC Model. Jane Dempsey came up with information by using methods such as activity based cost used by accountants. Overall, I think pure reasoning would have the most influence on someones decision making process this is because most people adhere to the norm they dont want to be seen as deviant. Also most people would be scared to do otherwise just in case the decision doesnt turn out to be as expected, which may get them into a lot of trouble. (c)My views have changed since reading the article because, before I thought that calculating net present value for investment appraisal was complex and very complicated but both Adam and Len find it easy because of the use of computers. Also before reading the article I thought payback was completely useless and treacherous for investment appraisal but as Adam points out it is fine to use on simple projects. Also another benefit for NPV is that it gives ability to alter assumptions & identi fy different outcomes, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) as Judy points out.Both appraisal methods have their benefits, net present value has more benefits overall. Question 3 (a) Total machine hours 880,000 ? 44,000 = 20 venture Pies 20 ? 4,000 = 80,000 ? 2000 = ? 40 per batch Pork Pies 20 ? 40,000 = 800,000 ? 20,000 = ? 40 per batch (b) Set up related 420,000 ? 200 = 2,100 Pork Pies 2,100 ? 120 = 252,000 ? 20,000 = ? 12. 60 patch Pies 2,100 ? 80 = 168,000 ? 2,000 = ? 84 Purchasing related 240,000 ? 480 = 500 Pork Pies 500 ? 320 = 160,000 ? 20,000 = ? 8 Game Pies 500? 160 = 80,000 ? 2,000 = ? 40 Volume related 44,000 + 88,000 = 132,000 220,000 ? 32,000 = 1. 67 Pork Pies 1. 67 ? 120,000 = ? 200,400 ? 20,000 = ? 10. 02 Game Pies 1. 67 ? 12,000 = ? 20,040 ? 2000 = ? 10. 02 Cost centre be for pork pies per batch ? 12. 60 + ? 8 + ? 10. 02 = ? 30. 62 Cost centre costs for game pies per batch ? 84 + ? 40 + ? 10. 02 = ? 134. 02 (c) The difference with activity based costing and tradit ional costing is, firstly traditional costing only assigns operating cost cost machine hours or direct labour hours to products. Whereas activity based costing uses activities for accumulating costs as described by Atkinson (2004, pg 127).